BUDGETING

Budgeting

A. Reading Comprehesion

Budgeting involves setting financial goals and standards for an enterprise. The primary objective of the budget is to establish a financial faremework for the operations of the bussiness. The accounting period for the budget is usually either the calender year of the fiscal year. As we have noted, the fiscal year is any arbitrarily chosen twelve-mounth period that does not necessarily correspond to the calender year. Many bussinesses have provisions for review and change of the budget more frequently, such as semiannually , quarterly, or even monthly.

A generally accepted budgeting device is a flexible master budget. This budget foresees taht management plns to operate the business at various levels of activity and that all the different activities of the enterpris are included in the financial forecast. Budgets for various sections of the company are gathered together into one overall budget. Then , as the business year progresses management can use the budget as a control device that permits monotoring of the company's operation.

For our discussion, we will talk about a retail trade business. This type of enterprise purchase merchandise , sells those goods, pays its employees and its suppliers, and employs an adminitrative staff. It may also move into new headquarters or expand into new retail outlets. It must account for each activity. This generally accoumplished by means od separate budgets which then can be combined into manner budget.

One of the activity budgets is the sales budget. Information about unit prices,that is, thr prise of one item of each kind of merchandise sold, and the expected sales volume atre the important entries for thi sbudget. If the business sells more than one kind of item, a provision for the sales mix must be added. This, of course, is the mixture of the different kinds and styles of goods sold by of furniture store may sell such goods as rugs, carpeting, or artificial flowers. The sales mix in an American drugstore would be even larger, including not only different kind of medicines, but also magazines, books,stationary,candy, tobacco and so on.

Similar items can be grouped to form a sales department. In the furniture store, one department might include dining roomm furniture and another department might include bedroom furniture. A separate budget is then prepared for each department. Separate budgets may also be related to geographical breakout , that is,different locations of retail outlets. There many also be special budgets for different seasons; in retailing tnis might be the back-to-school period , or winter and summer sports seasons,depending on the kind of merchandise that was sold.

Sales budgets are designed to be both flexible and complete. The sales figure are adjusted for various reasond;some mercahndise is returned for credit; a small but significant volume is unusable because of spoilage or damage; and further adjustment in necessary to account for allowances or discounts. Allowances are special price adjusment for certain customers;discount are the prices that are generally reduced,as when a store has a sale. All of these factors muss be be included in a complete sales budget. During changes in the business cyle,such as inflationary periods or recession, the priciple of flexibility becomes extremely important. Prices are changed and allowances or discount disappear or rise, depending on which change counteracts the adverse factors in business cyle.

B. Special Terminologies

1. Budget ; The financial operating plan or forecast for an organization for fixed period. The budget shows ehat income is anticipated and how the resources will used during the budget period.

2. Master Budget ; The total or separate budgets from different departments within a company that shows in detail how the entire business operate.

3. Financial forecast ; An estimation of what will probably happen in the future, based on past and present fiscal records.

4. Control Device ; A standard plan for the performance of a business by which its operations may be measured and regulated.

5. Retail Trade Business ; A business that acquires goods to sell to the general public. A wholeesale business is a middleman operation that acquires goods from the manufacturer and tehn sells them in turn to the ratailer.

6. Retail Outlet; A unit of the retail bussniess,usually a store.

7. Unite Price ; In the context of retailing, the price at which a single item os dold to the buyer

8. Sales Mix ; The inventory of items avaliable for sale.

9. Geographical Breakout ; Organization of a business on the basis of location.

10. Allowances ; Special Terms of sale granted to specified customers,

11. Discount ; A reduction in yhe price of an item for sale.

12. Inflationary Period ; A period of rising prices in which more money becomes available in relation to fewer goods.

OLIVER TWIST BY CHARLES DICKENS

Another baby boy is born in the workhouse. No name ....no money another problem for country !.

Mrs Mann : So thin and weak .... just like this poor mother !



The grandparents on the maternal pretend baby for mother baby.

Mother : I will look at my child once

Mrs Mann : the baby is dead. this is your baby.

Mother : oh right. baby is die.

Oh the poor boy ! he is an orphan on the day of his birth and he will not live long in the orphanage with Mrs Mann. !
Mrs. Mann ... guardian of the orphanage children.....
The orphanage authorities will never see this money ! but i'm not goint to be poor in my old age ! the orphans can be hungry .... ! it will not hurt them
Mrs Hann : Why does someone always ring the bell when i am busy ?

Mrs hann rushed to open the door

Mrs Mann : Another dear little orphan. Is not it sweet ? What is it's name, Mr Bumble ?
Mr. Bumble : His name is my idea. The last two were R and S So this orphan's name begins with T....... his name is Twist..... Oliver Twist ! Take good care of him Mrs. Mann !

Mrs. Mann : Take good care of him. the orphanage gives me only a few pennies for food and clothes. but i will take care of him somehow !


9 years later.....
Mrs Mann: you say you are hungry ? i feed you enough, oliver. !
Oliver : No. You don't i'm hungry.
Mrs Mann : You can be hungry with your friends then. no supper for any of you to night

Mrs Mann see Mr bumble outside
But I'll drink of gin ! Those ungrateful orphans
Mrs Mann : Oh dear me ! here comes Mr Bumble

Mrs Mann :  It's nice to see you again, Sir ! How can i help you today ?
Mr Bumble : Hello, Mrs. Mann. Oliver Twist is nine years old today ! I'm taking him with me. we can use him at the workhouse.

Mrs Mann : I'll get him for you now . Sir ! This is Mr. Bumble Oliver. You're going to go with him !
Mr Bumble : We don't know anything about your parents. Oliver. So you're going back to the workhouse where you were born. you're going to learn many useful things there!
Oliver : Yes. sir

SOAL LATIHAN TOEIC PEMBAHASAN TOEIC

Reading section

1. Because the equipment is very delicate, it must be handled with.......

a. caring

b. careful

c. care

d carefully

2. if the client......dissatisfied, please have him write a letter

a. am

b. is

SOAL DAN PEMBAHASAN TOEIC LATIHAN GRAMMAR 1

1.Children rushed for home as soon as the bell rang.

This is. ... clause sentence

A. Adverb

B. Adjective

C. Noun

adverb

2.Last week he came to me without doing anything neither talked nor...for an apology.

A. To ask

B. Asked

C. Asking

D. Had to ask

3.Isn’t he the ______?

a. Tall

b. Taller

c. Tallest

d. Most tall

SOAL DAN PEMBAHASAN TOEIC GRAMMAR READING SECTION

1. I.......... go to the post office this morning
A. Ought
B. Have
C. Must
D. Used To


2.   I dont Think i will rain. However, if it ....... turn off the machine
A. do rain
B. do rains
C. Failed
D. Doesn't rain

Contoh Soal Listening Toeic

inilah soal dan pembahasan toeic Short Talk. hmm listening bro . coba simak berikut ini


Coba simak pembahasan Listening yang di kutif dari blog orang hehhe

Listening
1. Ms. Morikawa has worked here for a long time, hasn’t she?
(A) At three o’clock
(B) No, I’ve lost my watch
(C) More than ten years

2. Which of this paper has a wider circulation?
(A) The morning edition
(B) Get more exercise
(C) By messenger

3. Have you been to Paris before?
(A) No, they don’t have it
(B) No, we don’t
(C) That’s a good idea

Toeic Practice Belajar Toeic Soal dan Pembahasan Toeic

TOEIC Practice Test - Grammar

1. Handle the delicate equipment with .......
A. caring

B. careful
C. care
D. carefully

Jawaban: C. Care

2. Answering telephone calls is the ........ of an operator.
A. responsible
B. responsibly
C. responsive
D. responsibility